Month: February 2026
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Stages of a Criminal Case in the Philippines
Facing a criminal complaint can be overwhelming — especially if you do not understand how the process works. A criminal case in the Philippines follows a structured sequence governed by procedural rules. Knowing the stages helps you understand your rights, obligations, and possible outcomes. Below is a simplified guide to the major stages of a…
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Civil Liability vs. Criminal Liability in the Philippines (Simple Explanation)
What Is Civil Liability? Civil liability arises when a person violates a private right or breaches an obligation. The purpose of civil law is not to punish but to compensate. In everyday terms, civil cases usually happen when someone fails to do what they promised or causes harm. Common examples include breaking a contract, not…
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How to Prepare a Counter-Affidavit in the Philippines (After Receiving a Subpoena)
If you’ve received a subpoena in the Philippines, you may be required to submit a counter-affidavit. But what does it actually mean, and why is it important? What is a Counter-Affidavit? A counter-affidavit is a sworn statement made in response to an allegation or complaint. It’s not just a casual letter or explanation; it’s a…
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What Is a Preliminary Investigation in the Philippines?
If you have received a subpoena from the prosecutor’s office, it likely means a complaint has been filed against you and the case is now undergoing preliminary investigation. This stage is critical. It determines whether a criminal case will move forward to court — or be dismissed outright. Here is what you need to know.…
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What Happens After an Estafa Complaint Is Filed in the Philippines? (Step-by-Step Guide)
This guide outlines the estafa complaint process in the Philippines, detailing key steps from filing a complaint to potential court proceedings. Initial complaints lead to a preliminary investigation, where defendants can submit counter-affidavits. Outcomes may include case dismissal or formal charges, with arrest only occurring after judicial evaluation. Legal consultation is advised.